instancing, camera movement

Cargo.lock

@@ -37,6 +37,21 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "anyhow"
+version = "1.0.65"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "98161a4e3e2184da77bb14f02184cdd111e83bbbcc9979dfee3c44b9a85f5602"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "approx"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3f2a05fd1bd10b2527e20a2cd32d8873d115b8b39fe219ee25f42a8aca6ba278"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "arrayvec"
 version = "0.7.2"
@@ -168,6 +183,16 @@ version = "0.1.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "fd16c4719339c4530435d38e511904438d07cce7950afa3718a84ac36c10e89e"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "cgmath"
+version = "0.18.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1a98d30140e3296250832bbaaff83b27dcd6fa3cc70fb6f1f3e5c9c0023b5317"
+dependencies = [
+ "approx",
+ "num-traits",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "cocoa"
 version = "0.24.0"
@@ -1257,7 +1282,9 @@ checksum = "f1382d1f0a252c4bf97dc20d979a2fdd05b024acd7c2ed0f7595d7817666a157"
 name = "renderer"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
  "bytemuck",
+ "cgmath",
  "env_logger",
  "image",
  "log",

Cargo.toml

@@ -13,3 +13,5 @@ wgpu = "0.13"
 pollster = "0.2"
 bytemuck = { version = "1.4", features = [ "derive" ] }
 image = { version = "0.24", features = [ "png" ] }
+anyhow = "1.0"
+cgmath = "0.18"

src/core/camera.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+use std::time::Duration;
+
+use cgmath::num_traits::clamp;
+use winit::event::*;
+
+pub struct Camera {
+    pub position: cgmath::Point3<f32>,
+    pub pitch: f32,
+    pub yaw: f32,
+    pub projection: Projection,
+}
+
+pub struct Projection {
+    pub aspect: f32,
+    pub fovy: f32,
+    pub znear: f32,
+    pub zfar: f32,
+}
+
+impl Projection {
+    pub fn resize(&mut self, width: u32, height: u32) {
+        self.aspect = width as f32 / height as f32;
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_matrix(&self) -> cgmath::Matrix4<f32> {
+        return cgmath::perspective(cgmath::Deg(self.fovy), self.aspect, self.znear, self.zfar);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Camera {
+    pub fn new(
+        position: cgmath::Point3<f32>,
+        pitch: f32,
+        yaw: f32,
+        fovy: f32,
+        aspect: f32,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            position: position,
+            pitch: pitch,
+            yaw: yaw,
+            projection: Projection {
+                aspect: aspect,
+                fovy: fovy,
+                znear: 0.01,
+                zfar: 1000.0,
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_view_matrix(&self) -> cgmath::Matrix4<f32> {
+        let (forward, _right, up) = self.get_vecs();
+        return cgmath::Matrix4::look_to_rh(self.position, forward, up);
+    }
+
+    pub fn build_view_projection_matrix(&self) -> cgmath::Matrix4<f32> {
+        let view = self.get_view_matrix();
+        let proj = self.projection.get_matrix();
+        return proj * view;
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_vecs(
+        &self,
+    ) -> (
+        cgmath::Vector3<f32>,
+        cgmath::Vector3<f32>,
+        cgmath::Vector3<f32>,
+    ) {
+        use cgmath::InnerSpace;
+        let (yaw_sin, yaw_cos) = cgmath::Rad::from(cgmath::Deg(self.yaw)).0.sin_cos();
+        let (pitch_sin, pitch_cos) = cgmath::Rad::from(cgmath::Deg(self.pitch)).0.sin_cos();
+        let forward =
+            cgmath::Vector3::new(pitch_cos * yaw_cos, pitch_sin, pitch_cos * yaw_sin).normalize();
+        let right = cgmath::Vector3::new(-yaw_sin, 0.0, yaw_cos).normalize();
+        let up = forward.cross(right);
+        return (forward, right, up);
+    }
+
+    pub fn update(&mut self, dt: Duration, controller: &CameraController) {
+        let dt = dt.as_secs_f32();
+        self.pitch = clamp(
+            self.pitch + controller.deltay * controller.sensitivity * 0.022,
+            -89.0,
+            89.0,
+        );
+        self.yaw -= controller.deltax * controller.sensitivity * 0.022;
+        self.yaw = self.yaw % 360.0;
+        if self.yaw < 0.0 {
+            self.yaw = 360.0 + self.yaw;
+        }
+        println!(
+            "pitch: {:.6}, yaw: {:.6}, dt: {:.6}",
+            self.pitch, self.yaw, dt
+        );
+
+        let (forward, right, up) = self.get_vecs();
+        self.position +=
+            forward * (controller.move_forward - controller.move_backward) * controller.speed * dt;
+        // FIXME -right
+        self.position +=
+            -right * (controller.move_right - controller.move_left) * controller.speed * dt;
+        self.position += up * (controller.move_up - controller.move_down) * controller.speed * dt;
+    }
+}
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
+pub struct CameraUniform {
+    pub view_proj: [[f32; 4]; 4],
+}
+
+impl CameraUniform {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        use cgmath::SquareMatrix;
+        Self {
+            view_proj: cgmath::Matrix4::identity().into(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn update_view_proj(&mut self, camera: &Camera) {
+        self.view_proj = camera.build_view_projection_matrix().into();
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct CameraController {
+    pub speed: f32,
+    pub sensitivity: f32,
+    pub move_forward: f32,
+    pub move_backward: f32,
+    pub move_left: f32,
+    pub move_right: f32,
+    pub move_up: f32,
+    pub move_down: f32,
+    pub deltax: f32,
+    pub deltay: f32,
+}
+
+impl CameraController {
+    pub fn new(speed: f32, sensitivity: f32) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            speed,
+            sensitivity,
+            move_forward: 0.0,
+            move_backward: 0.0,
+            move_left: 0.0,
+            move_right: 0.0,
+            move_up: 0.0,
+            move_down: 0.0,
+            deltax: 0.0,
+            deltay: 0.0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn reset(&mut self, held_keys: bool) {
+        if held_keys {
+            self.move_forward = 0.0;
+            self.move_backward = 0.0;
+            self.move_left = 0.0;
+            self.move_right = 0.0;
+            self.move_up = 0.0;
+            self.move_down = 0.0;
+        }
+        self.deltax = 0.0;
+        self.deltay = 0.0;
+    }
+
+    pub fn process_events(
+        &mut self,
+        window_event: Option<&WindowEvent>,
+        device_event: Option<&DeviceEvent>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        let mut handled = match window_event {
+            None => false,
+            Some(event) => match event {
+                WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
+                    input:
+                        KeyboardInput {
+                            state,
+                            virtual_keycode: Some(keycode),
+                            ..
+                        },
+                    ..
+                } => {
+                    let is_pressed = *state == ElementState::Pressed;
+                    let amount = if is_pressed { 1.0 } else { 0.0 };
+                    match keycode {
+                        VirtualKeyCode::W | VirtualKeyCode::Up => {
+                            self.move_forward = amount;
+                            return true;
+                        }
+                        VirtualKeyCode::A | VirtualKeyCode::Left => {
+                            self.move_left = amount;
+                            return true;
+                        }
+                        VirtualKeyCode::S | VirtualKeyCode::Down => {
+                            self.move_backward = amount;
+                            return true;
+                        }
+                        VirtualKeyCode::D | VirtualKeyCode::Right => {
+                            self.move_right = amount;
+                            return true;
+                        }
+                        VirtualKeyCode::Space => {
+                            self.move_up = amount;
+                            return true;
+                        }
+                        VirtualKeyCode::LControl => {
+                            self.move_down = amount;
+                            return true;
+                        }
+                        _ => false,
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => false,
+            },
+        };
+
+        if handled {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        handled = match device_event {
+            None => false,
+            Some(event) => match event {
+                DeviceEvent::MouseMotion { delta } => {
+                    self.deltax += delta.0 as f32;
+                    self.deltay += delta.1 as f32;
+                    return true;
+                }
+                _ => false,
+            },
+        };
+
+        return handled;
+    }
+}

src/core/instance.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+pub struct Instance {
+    pub position: cgmath::Vector3<f32>,
+    pub rotation: cgmath::Quaternion<f32>,
+}
+
+#[repr(C)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, bytemuck::Pod, bytemuck::Zeroable)]
+pub struct InstanceRaw {
+    pub model: [[f32; 4]; 4],
+}
+
+impl Instance {
+    pub fn to_raw(&self) -> InstanceRaw {
+        return InstanceRaw {
+            model: (cgmath::Matrix4::from_translation(self.position)
+                * cgmath::Matrix4::from(self.rotation))
+            .into(),
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+impl InstanceRaw {
+    pub fn desc<'a>() -> wgpu::VertexBufferLayout<'a> {
+        use std::mem;
+        wgpu::VertexBufferLayout {
+            array_stride: mem::size_of::<InstanceRaw>() as wgpu::BufferAddress,
+            // We need to switch from using a step mode of Vertex to Instance
+            // This means that our shaders will only change to use the next
+            // instance when the shader starts processing a new instance
+            step_mode: wgpu::VertexStepMode::Instance,
+            attributes: &[
+                wgpu::VertexAttribute {
+                    offset: 0,
+                    // While our vertex shader only uses locations 0, and 1 now, in later tutorials we'll
+                    // be using 2, 3, and 4, for Vertex. We'll start at slot 5 not conflict with them later
+                    shader_location: 5,
+                    format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x4,
+                },
+                // A mat4 takes up 4 vertex slots as it is technically 4 vec4s. We need to define a slot
+                // for each vec4. We'll have to reassemble the mat4 in
+                // the shader.
+                wgpu::VertexAttribute {
+                    offset: mem::size_of::<[f32; 4]>() as wgpu::BufferAddress,
+                    shader_location: 6,
+                    format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x4,
+                },
+                wgpu::VertexAttribute {
+                    offset: mem::size_of::<[f32; 8]>() as wgpu::BufferAddress,
+                    shader_location: 7,
+                    format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x4,
+                },
+                wgpu::VertexAttribute {
+                    offset: mem::size_of::<[f32; 12]>() as wgpu::BufferAddress,
+                    shader_location: 8,
+                    format: wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x4,
+                },
+            ],
+        }
+    }
+}

src/core/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+pub mod camera;
+pub mod instance;
+pub mod state;
+pub mod texture;
+pub mod updater;
+pub mod vertex;

src/core/state.rs

@@ -1,17 +1,44 @@
+use cgmath::prelude::*;
+use std::time::Duration;
+
 use wgpu::{include_wgsl, util::DeviceExt};
 use winit::{event::*, window::Window};
 
-use super::types::Vertex;
+use super::camera::{Camera, CameraController, CameraUniform};
+use super::instance::{Instance, InstanceRaw};
+use super::texture::Texture;
+use super::vertex::Vertex;
 
 // test data
 const VERTICES: &[Vertex] = &[
-    Vertex { position: [-0.0868241, 0.49240386, 0.0], tex_coords: [0.4131759, 0.99240386], }, // A
+    Vertex {
-    Vertex { position: [-0.49513406, 0.06958647, 0.0], tex_coords: [0.0048659444, 0.56958647], }, // B
+        position: [-0.0868241, 0.49240386, 0.0],
-    Vertex { position: [-0.21918549, -0.44939706, 0.0], tex_coords: [0.28081453, 0.05060294], }, // C
+        tex_coords: [0.4131759, 0.99240386],
-    Vertex { position: [0.35966998, -0.3473291, 0.0], tex_coords: [0.85967, 0.1526709], }, // D
+    }, // A
-    Vertex { position: [0.44147372, 0.2347359, 0.0], tex_coords: [0.9414737, 0.7347359], }, // E
+    Vertex {
+        position: [-0.49513406, 0.06958647, 0.0],
+        tex_coords: [0.0048659444, 0.56958647],
+    }, // B
+    Vertex {
+        position: [-0.21918549, -0.44939706, 0.0],
+        tex_coords: [0.28081453, 0.05060294],
+    }, // C
+    Vertex {
+        position: [0.35966998, -0.3473291, 0.0],
+        tex_coords: [0.85967, 0.1526709],
+    }, // D
+    Vertex {
+        position: [0.44147372, 0.2347359, 0.0],
+        tex_coords: [0.9414737, 0.7347359],
+    }, // E
 ];
 const INDICES: &[u16] = &[0, 1, 4, 1, 2, 4, 2, 3, 4];
+const NUM_INSTANCES_PER_ROW: u32 = 10;
+const INSTANCE_DISPLACEMENT: cgmath::Vector3<f32> = cgmath::Vector3::new(
+    NUM_INSTANCES_PER_ROW as f32 * 0.5,
+    0.0,
+    NUM_INSTANCES_PER_ROW as f32 * 0.5,
+);
 
 pub struct State {
     pub size: winit::dpi::PhysicalSize<u32>,
@@ -25,6 +52,13 @@ pub struct State {
     index_buffer: wgpu::Buffer,
     num_indices: u32,
     diffuse_bind_group: wgpu::BindGroup,
+    camera: Camera,
+    camera_uniform: CameraUniform,
+    camera_buffer: wgpu::Buffer,
+    camera_bind_group: wgpu::BindGroup,
+    camera_controller: CameraController,
+    instances: Vec<Instance>,
+    instance_buffer: wgpu::Buffer,
 }
 
 impl State {
@@ -65,60 +99,54 @@ impl State {
 
         surface.configure(&device, &config);
 
-        // Test image
+        // Camera
-        let diffuse_bytes = include_bytes!("../../assets/test.png");
+        let camera = Camera::new(
-        let diffuse_image = image::load_from_memory(diffuse_bytes).unwrap();
+            (0.0, 0.0, 0.0).into(),
-        let diffuse_rgba = diffuse_image.to_rgba8();
+            0.0,
-        use image::GenericImageView;
+            0.0,
-        let dimensions = diffuse_image.dimensions();
+            60.0,
-        let texture_size = wgpu::Extent3d {
+            config.width as f32 / config.height as f32,
-            width: dimensions.0,
-            height: dimensions.1,
-            depth_or_array_layers: 1,
-        };
-        let diffuse_texture = device.create_texture(&wgpu::TextureDescriptor {
-            // All textures are stored as 3D, we represent our 2D texture
-            // by setting depth to 1.
-            size: texture_size,
-            mip_level_count: 1, // We'll talk about this a little later
-            sample_count: 1,
-            dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
-            // Most images are stored using sRGB so we need to reflect that here.
-            format: wgpu::TextureFormat::Rgba8UnormSrgb,
-            // TEXTURE_BINDING tells wgpu that we want to use this texture in shaders
-            // COPY_DST means that we want to copy data to this texture
-            usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING | wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_DST,
-            label: Some("diffuse_texture"),
-        });
-        queue.write_texture(
-            // Tells wgpu where to copy the pixel data
-            wgpu::ImageCopyTexture {
-                texture: &diffuse_texture,
-                mip_level: 0,
-                origin: wgpu::Origin3d::ZERO,
-                aspect: wgpu::TextureAspect::All,
-            },
-            // The actual pixel data
-            &diffuse_rgba,
-            // The layout of the texture
-            wgpu::ImageDataLayout {
-                offset: 0,
-                bytes_per_row: std::num::NonZeroU32::new(4 * dimensions.0),
-                rows_per_image: std::num::NonZeroU32::new(dimensions.1),
-            },
-            texture_size,
         );
-        let diffuse_texture_view =
+
-            diffuse_texture.create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor::default());
+        let mut camera_uniform = CameraUniform::new();
-        let diffuse_sampler = device.create_sampler(&wgpu::SamplerDescriptor {
+        camera_uniform.update_view_proj(&camera);
-            address_mode_u: wgpu::AddressMode::Repeat,
+
-            address_mode_v: wgpu::AddressMode::Repeat,
+        let camera_buffer = device.create_buffer_init(&wgpu::util::BufferInitDescriptor {
-            address_mode_w: wgpu::AddressMode::Repeat,
+            label: Some("Camera Buffer"),
-            mag_filter: wgpu::FilterMode::Linear,
+            contents: bytemuck::cast_slice(&[camera_uniform]),
-            min_filter: wgpu::FilterMode::Linear,
+            usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::UNIFORM | wgpu::BufferUsages::COPY_DST,
-            mipmap_filter: wgpu::FilterMode::Linear,
-            ..Default::default()
         });
+        let camera_bind_group_layout =
+            device.create_bind_group_layout(&wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor {
+                entries: &[wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry {
+                    binding: 0,
+                    visibility: wgpu::ShaderStages::VERTEX,
+                    ty: wgpu::BindingType::Buffer {
+                        ty: wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform,
+                        has_dynamic_offset: false,
+                        min_binding_size: None,
+                    },
+                    count: None,
+                }],
+                label: Some("camera_bind_group_layout"),
+            });
+        let camera_bind_group = device.create_bind_group(&wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor {
+            layout: &camera_bind_group_layout,
+            entries: &[wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
+                binding: 0,
+                resource: camera_buffer.as_entire_binding(),
+            }],
+            label: Some("camera_bind_group"),
+        });
+
+        let camera_controller = CameraController::new(1.0, 2.0);
+
+        // Test image
+        surface.configure(&device, &config);
+        let diffuse_bytes = include_bytes!("../../assets/test.png");
+        let diffuse_texture =
+            Texture::from_bytes(&device, &queue, diffuse_bytes, "../../assets/test.png").unwrap();
+
         let texture_bind_group_layout =
             device.create_bind_group_layout(&wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor {
                 entries: &[
@@ -148,16 +176,47 @@ impl State {
             entries: &[
                 wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
                     binding: 0,
-                    resource: wgpu::BindingResource::TextureView(&diffuse_texture_view),
+                    resource: wgpu::BindingResource::TextureView(&diffuse_texture.view),
                 },
                 wgpu::BindGroupEntry {
                     binding: 1,
-                    resource: wgpu::BindingResource::Sampler(&diffuse_sampler),
+                    resource: wgpu::BindingResource::Sampler(&diffuse_texture.sampler),
                 },
             ],
             label: Some("diffuse_bind_group"),
         });
 
+        let instances = (0..NUM_INSTANCES_PER_ROW)
+            .flat_map(|z| {
+                (0..NUM_INSTANCES_PER_ROW).map(move |x| {
+                    let position = cgmath::Vector3 {
+                        x: x as f32,
+                        y: 0.0,
+                        z: z as f32,
+                    } - INSTANCE_DISPLACEMENT;
+
+                    let rotation = if position.is_zero() {
+                        // this is needed so an object at (0, 0, 0) won't get scaled to zero
+                        // as Quaternions can effect scale if they're not created correctly
+                        cgmath::Quaternion::from_axis_angle(
+                            cgmath::Vector3::unit_z(),
+                            cgmath::Deg(0.0),
+                        )
+                    } else {
+                        cgmath::Quaternion::from_axis_angle(position.normalize(), cgmath::Deg(45.0))
+                    };
+
+                    Instance { position, rotation }
+                })
+            })
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let instance_data = instances.iter().map(Instance::to_raw).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let instance_buffer = device.create_buffer_init(&wgpu::util::BufferInitDescriptor {
+            label: Some("Instance Buffer"),
+            contents: bytemuck::cast_slice(&instance_data),
+            usage: wgpu::BufferUsages::VERTEX,
+        });
+
         // let shader = device.create_shader_module(wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor {
         //     label: Some("Shader"),
         //     source: wgpu::ShaderSource::Wgsl(include_str!("../shaders/test.wgsl").into()),
@@ -167,7 +226,7 @@ impl State {
         let render_pipeline_layout =
             device.create_pipeline_layout(&wgpu::PipelineLayoutDescriptor {
                 label: Some("Render Pipeline Layout"),
-                bind_group_layouts: &[&texture_bind_group_layout],
+                bind_group_layouts: &[&texture_bind_group_layout, &camera_bind_group_layout],
                 push_constant_ranges: &[],
             });
 
@@ -177,7 +236,7 @@ impl State {
             vertex: wgpu::VertexState {
                 module: &shader,
                 entry_point: "vs_main",
-                buffers: &[Vertex::desc()],
+                buffers: &[Vertex::desc(), InstanceRaw::desc()],
             },
             fragment: Some(wgpu::FragmentState {
                 // 3.
@@ -234,6 +293,13 @@ impl State {
             index_buffer,
             num_indices,
             diffuse_bind_group,
+            camera,
+            camera_uniform,
+            camera_buffer,
+            camera_bind_group,
+            camera_controller,
+            instances,
+            instance_buffer,
         };
     }
 
@@ -243,14 +309,32 @@ impl State {
             self.config.width = new_size.width;
             self.config.height = new_size.height;
             self.surface.configure(&self.device, &self.config);
+            self.camera
+                .projection
+                .resize(new_size.width, new_size.height);
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn input(&mut self, event: &WindowEvent) -> bool {
+    pub fn input(
-        return false;
+        &mut self,
+        window_event: Option<&WindowEvent>,
+        device_event: Option<&DeviceEvent>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        return self
+            .camera_controller
+            .process_events(window_event, device_event);
     }
 
-    pub fn update(&mut self) {}
+    pub fn update(&mut self, dt: Duration) {
+        self.camera.update(dt, &self.camera_controller);
+        self.camera_controller.reset(false);
+        self.camera_uniform.update_view_proj(&self.camera);
+        self.queue.write_buffer(
+            &self.camera_buffer,
+            0,
+            bytemuck::cast_slice(&[self.camera_uniform]),
+        );
+    }
 
     pub fn render(&mut self) -> Result<(), wgpu::SurfaceError> {
         let output = self.surface.get_current_texture()?;
@@ -286,10 +370,15 @@ impl State {
             });
 
             render_pass.set_pipeline(&self.render_pipeline);
+
             render_pass.set_bind_group(0, &self.diffuse_bind_group, &[]);
+            render_pass.set_bind_group(1, &self.camera_bind_group, &[]);
+
             render_pass.set_vertex_buffer(0, self.vertex_buffer.slice(..));
+            render_pass.set_vertex_buffer(1, self.instance_buffer.slice(..));
             render_pass.set_index_buffer(self.index_buffer.slice(..), wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint16);
-            render_pass.draw_indexed(0..self.num_indices, 0, 0..1);
+
+            render_pass.draw_indexed(0..self.num_indices, 0, 0..self.instances.len() as _);
         }
 
         // submit will accept anything that implements IntoIter

src/core/texture.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+use anyhow::*;
+use image::GenericImageView;
+
+pub struct Texture {
+    pub texture: wgpu::Texture,
+    pub view: wgpu::TextureView,
+    pub sampler: wgpu::Sampler,
+}
+
+impl Texture {
+    pub fn from_bytes(
+        device: &wgpu::Device,
+        queue: &wgpu::Queue,
+        bytes: &[u8],
+        label: &str,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let img = image::load_from_memory(bytes)?;
+        Self::from_image(device, queue, &img, Some(label))
+    }
+
+    pub fn from_image(
+        device: &wgpu::Device,
+        queue: &wgpu::Queue,
+        img: &image::DynamicImage,
+        label: Option<&str>,
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
+        let rgba = img.to_rgba8();
+        let dimensions = img.dimensions();
+
+        let size = wgpu::Extent3d {
+            width: dimensions.0,
+            height: dimensions.1,
+            depth_or_array_layers: 1,
+        };
+        let texture = device.create_texture(&wgpu::TextureDescriptor {
+            label,
+            size,
+            mip_level_count: 1,
+            sample_count: 1,
+            dimension: wgpu::TextureDimension::D2,
+            format: wgpu::TextureFormat::Rgba8UnormSrgb,
+            usage: wgpu::TextureUsages::TEXTURE_BINDING | wgpu::TextureUsages::COPY_DST,
+        });
+
+        queue.write_texture(
+            wgpu::ImageCopyTexture {
+                aspect: wgpu::TextureAspect::All,
+                texture: &texture,
+                mip_level: 0,
+                origin: wgpu::Origin3d::ZERO,
+            },
+            &rgba,
+            wgpu::ImageDataLayout {
+                offset: 0,
+                bytes_per_row: std::num::NonZeroU32::new(4 * dimensions.0),
+                rows_per_image: std::num::NonZeroU32::new(dimensions.1),
+            },
+            size,
+        );
+
+        let view = texture.create_view(&wgpu::TextureViewDescriptor::default());
+        let sampler = device.create_sampler(&wgpu::SamplerDescriptor {
+            address_mode_u: wgpu::AddressMode::ClampToEdge,
+            address_mode_v: wgpu::AddressMode::ClampToEdge,
+            address_mode_w: wgpu::AddressMode::ClampToEdge,
+            mag_filter: wgpu::FilterMode::Linear,
+            min_filter: wgpu::FilterMode::Nearest,
+            mipmap_filter: wgpu::FilterMode::Nearest,
+            ..Default::default()
+        });
+
+        return Ok(Self {
+            texture,
+            view,
+            sampler,
+        });
+    }
+}

src/core/updater.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+use std::time::Instant;
+
 use super::state::State;
 use winit::{
     event::*,
@@ -9,16 +11,19 @@ pub async fn run() {
     let event_loop = EventLoop::new();
     let window = WindowBuilder::new().build(&event_loop).unwrap();
     let mut state = State::new(&window).await;
+    let mut last_render = Instant::now();
 
     // Event loop
     event_loop.run(move |event, _, control_flow| {
         match event {
+            Event::DeviceEvent { ref event, .. } => {
+                state.input(None, Some(event));
+            }
             Event::WindowEvent {
                 ref event,
                 window_id,
             } if window_id == window.id() => {
-                if !state.input(event) {
+                if !state.input(Some(event), None) {
-                    // UPDATED!
                     match event {
                         WindowEvent::CloseRequested
                         | WindowEvent::KeyboardInput {
@@ -36,13 +41,15 @@ pub async fn run() {
                         WindowEvent::ScaleFactorChanged { new_inner_size, .. } => {
                             state.resize(**new_inner_size);
                         }
-                        WindowEvent::CursorMoved { position, .. } => {}
                         _ => {}
                     }
                 }
             }
             Event::RedrawRequested(window_id) if window_id == window.id() => {
-                state.update();
+                let now = Instant::now();
+                let dt = now - last_render;
+                last_render = now;
+                state.update(dt);
                 match state.render() {
                     Ok(_) => {}
                     // Reconfigure the surface if lost

src/main.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-mod surf;
+mod core;
 
 fn main() {
     env_logger::init();
-    pollster::block_on(surf::updater::run());
+    pollster::block_on(core::updater::run());
 }
-

src/shaders/test.wgsl

@@ -1,5 +1,18 @@
+struct InstanceInput {
+    @location(5) model_matrix_0: vec4<f32>,
+    @location(6) model_matrix_1: vec4<f32>,
+    @location(7) model_matrix_2: vec4<f32>,
+    @location(8) model_matrix_3: vec4<f32>,
+};
+
 // Vertex shader
 
+struct CameraUniform {
+    view_proj: mat4x4<f32>,
+};
+@group(1) @binding(0)
+var<uniform> camera: CameraUniform;
+
 struct VertexInput {
     @location(0) position: vec3<f32>,
     @location(1) tex_coords: vec2<f32>,
@@ -13,10 +26,17 @@ struct VertexOutput {
 @vertex
 fn vs_main(
     model: VertexInput,
+    instance: InstanceInput,
 ) -> VertexOutput {
+    let model_matrix = mat4x4<f32>(
+        instance.model_matrix_0,
+        instance.model_matrix_1,
+        instance.model_matrix_2,
+        instance.model_matrix_3,
+    );
     var out: VertexOutput;
     out.tex_coords = model.tex_coords;
-    out.clip_position = vec4<f32>(model.position, 1.0);
+    out.clip_position = camera.view_proj * model_matrix * vec4<f32>(model.position, 1.0);
     return out;
 } 
 

src/surf/mod.rs

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-pub mod state;
-pub mod updater;
-pub mod types;